Showing posts with label PSYCI 511. Show all posts
Showing posts with label PSYCI 511. Show all posts
4.01.2009
busy
Busy day today. I'm really digging this piece by Paul Dateh & Ken Belcher, this violin/guitar duo. He did this song on violin/piano to begin with, but I think the acoustic guitar sound just makes it feel a little more intimate. He's a fantastic artist, like he's actually technically really REALLY good, just check out his warmup which features songs like C.R.E.A.M. and T.R.O.Y. by the Wu, and an amazing pizzicato rendition of SaltnPeppa's Push it at 2:10. Nasty.
We've got Tourette's Syndrome tomorrow, which will be fantastic, I'm sure. Funny thing today actually, was that Christine and Linda were talking about neuroanatomy and Christine decided she was going to name her kid after a deep cerebral nuclei. Her kid would be habenula, which is I guess a set of fibres that make up the pineal stalk, so it isn't really a nucleus per se. I figured my kid was going to be named claustrum, which is a little gray matter strip that has been postulated by Crick (yes, of DNA fame) to be the neural correlate of consciousness. Neuro is so awesome.
3.31.2009
thesadcycle
Dr. Pawluk came to talk to us about sleep medicine today, and managed to condense his lecture into about 50 minutes to our relief. He's obviously in the right field because the way he talks just makes you want to curl up inside his vocal cords and take a long nap; it's so soothing and slow and soft... a..nd...zzZz.z....Zz.z.....
Anyways, people with major depressive disorder (MDD) tend to have low quality sleeps, despite the fact that they display hypersolemnence (and just general avolition really). Normal people tend to have this sleep architecture where they'll experience a some slow wave sleep in the early stages, then flip to lots of REM earlier in the morning. People with MDD generally have lots of REM, replacing the early slow wave sleep they should be getting to feel well rested, and generally have little to no slow wave sleep at all.
One could think this is epiphenomenal, but a very very interesting hypothesis presented is that the insomnia is therapeutic. What? There was an interesting note that someone published a long time ago that found that total, partial, or just REM sleep deprivation (waking the patient up when they hit REM) led to extremely positive antidepressant effects, with up to a 60% success rate! Of course, this makes for a shitty long term therapy (imagine depriving someone of sleep every day) and isn't long lasting, but it prompted the idea that increased REM pressure in your sleep cycle is not a good thing.
Adrien (2002) thus proposed that the body attempts to create a therapeutic, protective state to rectify affective dysfunctions by mimicking sleep deprivation. This is done by creating insomnia, the mechanism of which lies in increased REM pressure, as seen on the EEGs of MDD patients. Unfortunately, increased REM also means poor sleep, but I guess the body decided to make the tradeoff between sleep hygiene and affective function.
Fascinating, I know. It goes to show that things don't necessarily share a causal relationship, and that there may be a more complex relation between two entities. It's always important to keep the most basic elements of the scientific method in mind, no matter the nature of your research.
Anyways, people with major depressive disorder (MDD) tend to have low quality sleeps, despite the fact that they display hypersolemnence (and just general avolition really). Normal people tend to have this sleep architecture where they'll experience a some slow wave sleep in the early stages, then flip to lots of REM earlier in the morning. People with MDD generally have lots of REM, replacing the early slow wave sleep they should be getting to feel well rested, and generally have little to no slow wave sleep at all.
One could think this is epiphenomenal, but a very very interesting hypothesis presented is that the insomnia is therapeutic. What? There was an interesting note that someone published a long time ago that found that total, partial, or just REM sleep deprivation (waking the patient up when they hit REM) led to extremely positive antidepressant effects, with up to a 60% success rate! Of course, this makes for a shitty long term therapy (imagine depriving someone of sleep every day) and isn't long lasting, but it prompted the idea that increased REM pressure in your sleep cycle is not a good thing.
Adrien (2002) thus proposed that the body attempts to create a therapeutic, protective state to rectify affective dysfunctions by mimicking sleep deprivation. This is done by creating insomnia, the mechanism of which lies in increased REM pressure, as seen on the EEGs of MDD patients. Unfortunately, increased REM also means poor sleep, but I guess the body decided to make the tradeoff between sleep hygiene and affective function.
Fascinating, I know. It goes to show that things don't necessarily share a causal relationship, and that there may be a more complex relation between two entities. It's always important to keep the most basic elements of the scientific method in mind, no matter the nature of your research.
3.20.2009
twoodledoowdle
In the midst of the most boring depression meds class, I got a little creative with the lines on the page. I love the irony of the last one - suicide amid talk of drugs that will alleviate your sadness.
2.12.2009
done
Ah, what a wonderful feeling. It's kind of weird to think that it's 1 PM right now, and I've already been up for 8 hours. I wrote my psychiatry exam this morning, which went pretty well all things considered - there's only one thing that really tripped me up that I actually knew, the rest were well hidden facts that I'm pretty certain nobody else got either.
I am promptly going to forget everything I wrote on the exam. You know, until like a week before the final.
***
In other news, an example of the female's wandering mind:
***
I've been experimenting with technorati tags, so bear with me on the labels. I'll figure out in a week or two if they're actually doing anything, and if they're not I'll just remove them and stick to Blogger labels. The latter is less intricate to accomplish and considerably less labour-intensive, plus I think it streamlines the look of the page much better.
Take a listen to Metric's Monster Hospital redone by Gods MSTRKRFT.
***
To post later.
I am promptly going to forget everything I wrote on the exam. You know, until like a week before the final.
***
In other news, an example of the female's wandering mind:
***
I've been experimenting with technorati tags, so bear with me on the labels. I'll figure out in a week or two if they're actually doing anything, and if they're not I'll just remove them and stick to Blogger labels. The latter is less intricate to accomplish and considerably less labour-intensive, plus I think it streamlines the look of the page much better.
Take a listen to Metric's Monster Hospital redone by Gods MSTRKRFT.
***
To post later.
2.11.2009
(not)studying
Tuan, Eds: I figured out where I got "bug out" from. That was some good times.
***
I have a lot of friends that have excellent memorizing skill where they will sit in front of their notes or their textbook the night before the exam, read while highlighting or something, go write the exam on 4 hours of sleep and still get 97.85%. One of my friends reads statements aloud while making funny faces and somehow this is how he aces everything. From a neuroscience point of view, if size does equal function (I'm just assuming, it's hardly ever true), then you have massive hippocampuses.
I'm all about brute force memorization, which means I'm extremely inefficient, but I eventually get the job done. If my friends are Gary Kasparov, I have the computing power of Deep Junior at 3 million times less the computing speed. I read the notes with a highlighter, then I write out a set of notes to accompany these notes. I will read these notes again while I copy out important facts on a scrap piece of paper, then I will cover both these sheets and write out a new concept summary sheet with the facts I just memorized. Eventually this concept sheet will be discarded and unused; just a step in the process. I then open up my .pdf/.ppt documents and go through the slides rather quickly. My second time around, I'll open up my class notes and go through the .pdf/.ppt slides very carefully, being sure never to miss anything. My couple times around I'll just open the slides and copy down anything onto a scrap piece of paper, then I go into the exam.
I have difficulty memorizing anything long (Miller's suggested magic number 7 ± 2 does not apply to me, I have more likely magic number 2), so I tend to make these awful pneumonics or diagrams or anything to remind me of what the content actually is:
I actually woke up this morning thinking the one on the top: "FACCS", which are indicators for when a person diagnosed with a unipolar disorder actually has a bipolar one (features, antidepressant response, time course, comorbidities, symptoms). I also have ones like "HAPPIHARO" to remind me of the parts of the brain largely associated with emotion (hippocampus, amygdala, PFC, parietal, insula, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, retrosplenial cortex, orbitofrontal cortex).
I then have strange diagrams like the ones on the bottom left. The one with the cloud floating on the teeter-totter is thought disturbances in schizophrenia: The line represents tangentiality, the distance from the point represents loose associations, the cloud represent incoherence, the arrow pointing to the cloud is stereotypical thinking, the one pointing away is echolalia, and the box around all of it represents concreteness or autistic thought.
My diagrams can also be spatially oriented so I have previous anatomical knowledge to guide me. The brain with two eyes on the bottom right represents the Papez Circuit, the proposed areas involved in emotional cognition in the brain: fornix, thalamus, hippocampus/amygdala, mamillary bodies, cingulate cortex, (parahippocampal cortex)). I also have these actions that I do to remember things, like how I remember what pathologies can accompany GABA dysfunction: The only one I know for certain is that GABA is associated with epilepsy, so I start by touching my head, then I mentally trace the circuit my arms make with my head - in my hand I would hold a bottle of Beck's which would signify alcohol addiction, my arms would symbolize Parkinson's disorder and Huntington's chorea, then going back to my brain would be anxiety disorders.
I literally have two pages in really small writing of these stupid things, some with sexual connotations like "M PNS & CLT" for functions of acetylecholine (memory, pain, nicotine addiction, salivation, concentration, locomotion, thermoregulation). So while you people with perfect memories are pounding back pages of information like they're tequila shots on your birthday, I'm the guy pushing up his glasses in the corner cradling his academic appletini. I'm going to go study...
***
I have a lot of friends that have excellent memorizing skill where they will sit in front of their notes or their textbook the night before the exam, read while highlighting or something, go write the exam on 4 hours of sleep and still get 97.85%. One of my friends reads statements aloud while making funny faces and somehow this is how he aces everything. From a neuroscience point of view, if size does equal function (I'm just assuming, it's hardly ever true), then you have massive hippocampuses.
I'm all about brute force memorization, which means I'm extremely inefficient, but I eventually get the job done. If my friends are Gary Kasparov, I have the computing power of Deep Junior at 3 million times less the computing speed. I read the notes with a highlighter, then I write out a set of notes to accompany these notes. I will read these notes again while I copy out important facts on a scrap piece of paper, then I will cover both these sheets and write out a new concept summary sheet with the facts I just memorized. Eventually this concept sheet will be discarded and unused; just a step in the process. I then open up my .pdf/.ppt documents and go through the slides rather quickly. My second time around, I'll open up my class notes and go through the .pdf/.ppt slides very carefully, being sure never to miss anything. My couple times around I'll just open the slides and copy down anything onto a scrap piece of paper, then I go into the exam.
I have difficulty memorizing anything long (Miller's suggested magic number 7 ± 2 does not apply to me, I have more likely magic number 2), so I tend to make these awful pneumonics or diagrams or anything to remind me of what the content actually is:
I actually woke up this morning thinking the one on the top: "FACCS", which are indicators for when a person diagnosed with a unipolar disorder actually has a bipolar one (features, antidepressant response, time course, comorbidities, symptoms). I also have ones like "HAPPIHARO" to remind me of the parts of the brain largely associated with emotion (hippocampus, amygdala, PFC, parietal, insula, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, retrosplenial cortex, orbitofrontal cortex).
I then have strange diagrams like the ones on the bottom left. The one with the cloud floating on the teeter-totter is thought disturbances in schizophrenia: The line represents tangentiality, the distance from the point represents loose associations, the cloud represent incoherence, the arrow pointing to the cloud is stereotypical thinking, the one pointing away is echolalia, and the box around all of it represents concreteness or autistic thought.
My diagrams can also be spatially oriented so I have previous anatomical knowledge to guide me. The brain with two eyes on the bottom right represents the Papez Circuit, the proposed areas involved in emotional cognition in the brain: fornix, thalamus, hippocampus/amygdala, mamillary bodies, cingulate cortex, (parahippocampal cortex)). I also have these actions that I do to remember things, like how I remember what pathologies can accompany GABA dysfunction: The only one I know for certain is that GABA is associated with epilepsy, so I start by touching my head, then I mentally trace the circuit my arms make with my head - in my hand I would hold a bottle of Beck's which would signify alcohol addiction, my arms would symbolize Parkinson's disorder and Huntington's chorea, then going back to my brain would be anxiety disorders.
I literally have two pages in really small writing of these stupid things, some with sexual connotations like "M PNS & CLT" for functions of acetylecholine (memory, pain, nicotine addiction, salivation, concentration, locomotion, thermoregulation). So while you people with perfect memories are pounding back pages of information like they're tequila shots on your birthday, I'm the guy pushing up his glasses in the corner cradling his academic appletini. I'm going to go study...
2.09.2009
maintenance pt. 3
Posting for me will be rather sparse for the next few days due to an upcoming midterm that's so large that its penis makes the Great Wall of China look like a ruler. I'm not making good progress with it either, because our prof is making us memorize every single DSM-IV classification that accompanies a mood disorder (major depressive, dysthymia, bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia) including modifiers, specifiers, epidemiology, treatments, and exclusion criteria. I don't like mood disorders to begin with, so this makes me actually want to have a major depressive episode myself.
I have new linkage as I promised every Monday. I think it's decent, but I suppose it's up to you to decide whether you agree. I'm trying to make medical conditions a recurring theme (I think I try to do that throughout all my posts, whether it's effective or not, I don't know), so let's check them out:
Asia's poem The Waiting Hour was something I came across when I was in my Def Poetry Jam phase. I still kind of am (remind me to show you guys The Beach next week) actually. It's about testicular cancer, and my favourite part of the poem "playing Russian roulette with α-feto protein levels and tumor markers" really defines what the human body is like fighting pathology. Continuing with medical themes, Man in the Box (which is actually one of my favourite YouTube subscriptions) features Greg with paruresis. Actually Woody halfway mentions about a kid who couldn't take a shit just anywhere - I knew a kid somewhere I used to work with that actually had to leave being on shift (leaving me alone by myself to fend for customers for 15 minutes) so that he could drive home and do a deuce. Weird.
The next has nothing to do with biology, but is just a mind-blowing cover I came across of Outkast's Hey Ya. The ONN clip is just really funny.
I think my favorite this week is Bobby Hundred's Pat vs. Oranges I. I had mentioned in an earlier post about disorders that we can get earlier in our years - 13% of people will get a specific phobia in their lifetime, most people around 7 years. The general case is fear of: situational > natural disaster > blood injection > animal > other. I'm not really sure what category Pat's falls under...maybe just plain bizarre?
I have new linkage as I promised every Monday. I think it's decent, but I suppose it's up to you to decide whether you agree. I'm trying to make medical conditions a recurring theme (I think I try to do that throughout all my posts, whether it's effective or not, I don't know), so let's check them out:
Asia's poem The Waiting Hour was something I came across when I was in my Def Poetry Jam phase. I still kind of am (remind me to show you guys The Beach next week) actually. It's about testicular cancer, and my favourite part of the poem "playing Russian roulette with α-feto protein levels and tumor markers" really defines what the human body is like fighting pathology. Continuing with medical themes, Man in the Box (which is actually one of my favourite YouTube subscriptions) features Greg with paruresis. Actually Woody halfway mentions about a kid who couldn't take a shit just anywhere - I knew a kid somewhere I used to work with that actually had to leave being on shift (leaving me alone by myself to fend for customers for 15 minutes) so that he could drive home and do a deuce. Weird.
The next has nothing to do with biology, but is just a mind-blowing cover I came across of Outkast's Hey Ya. The ONN clip is just really funny.
I think my favorite this week is Bobby Hundred's Pat vs. Oranges I. I had mentioned in an earlier post about disorders that we can get earlier in our years - 13% of people will get a specific phobia in their lifetime, most people around 7 years. The general case is fear of: situational > natural disaster > blood injection > animal > other. I'm not really sure what category Pat's falls under...maybe just plain bizarre?
2.04.2009
lucky
I added a new track from Winnipeg based Inward Eye (Shame). Heard it on the Bear driving home last night and really enjoyed it - they're apparently a Kinks/Clash mashup, which represents like everything great about gritty rock, so fantabulous for them!
***
So last class was our schizophrenia lecture, and to give us an idea of what the disease was like, the prof showed us a 10 minute clip from some 70's instructional DVD of a case study. I've seen a lot of cool disorders, but all of them usually have a really discrete organic cause or a well-studied pathology. Schizophrenia on the other hand is like many psychiatric disorders in that they are all these theories as to what their dysregulation is, but a lot of it is speculation based on retrospective approaches off of drugs that seem to work. What's so weird about it is that under any other circumstances you'd assume this individual was just another one of those strange fellows on the bus who sits strangely, but once he opens his mouth and starts talking, you quickly realize there's something a little off.
This guy starts rambling on about how he was arrested by the police for masturbating in his own bed, and how his brother-in-law put the devil and Lucifer in him. He also claims that when he drinks milk, specifically a quart of it, that he grows cinesthetic horns that disappear without leaving scars. He orates that he can see himself in this parallel universe, where there's all this food and he ate this wonderful magical food and that is how he was born.
Schizophrenia's greatest threat is that it hits young - prodromal stages occur in teenage years and full blown psychosis hits by 21 for men and 27 for women. So I was thinking, how lucky are we to have escaped so many disorders that could have plagued us already, like social anxiety disorder which strikes in the early years or even autism that ravages all social interaction. We have so much to be thankful for, in that we are not necessarily part of the 20% of young adults afflicted with some sort of personality disorder.
The flip side of that coin is kind of frightening though - what diseases await us that we haven't yet experienced? Panic disorder strikes around mid-30s, as does Huntington's chorea - as made famous by 13 on House. Cassius Clay (better known as Muhammed Ali) and Micheal J. Fox both were hit with Parkinson's Disease around the same age, and God knows dementia is waiting for us once we hit 70. Very little separates us from being sociologically abnormal and biologically broken apart from some susceptibility genes and a conducive environment for derangement.
So then I wonder as I'm travelling home impatiently on the 43, maybe we just need to chill out and enjoy life once in a while. We've obviously been blessed with existence, and only God knows how long that will last us, so maybe Rihanna and Numa Numa kid's advice is laced with truth: Live your life. Turn your music up to 18 even though it may irritate everyone around you to listen to Pussycat Dolls' Buttons, purchase a trip for yourself to some random town in Idaho just to get to actually meet a cow named Bessie, eat that last piece of cake and play it off like you don't know who ate it. I'm not saying go be a badass and buy a Harley and spend the rest of your life eating at diners and being no stranger to leather, I'm saying go ahead and buy that puppy even though your parents don't want a dog, because sometimes you really don't need to sweat the small things in life. Priorities matter, but give yourself a break from time to time.
We only live once. Make use of it.
***
So last class was our schizophrenia lecture, and to give us an idea of what the disease was like, the prof showed us a 10 minute clip from some 70's instructional DVD of a case study. I've seen a lot of cool disorders, but all of them usually have a really discrete organic cause or a well-studied pathology. Schizophrenia on the other hand is like many psychiatric disorders in that they are all these theories as to what their dysregulation is, but a lot of it is speculation based on retrospective approaches off of drugs that seem to work. What's so weird about it is that under any other circumstances you'd assume this individual was just another one of those strange fellows on the bus who sits strangely, but once he opens his mouth and starts talking, you quickly realize there's something a little off.
This guy starts rambling on about how he was arrested by the police for masturbating in his own bed, and how his brother-in-law put the devil and Lucifer in him. He also claims that when he drinks milk, specifically a quart of it, that he grows cinesthetic horns that disappear without leaving scars. He orates that he can see himself in this parallel universe, where there's all this food and he ate this wonderful magical food and that is how he was born.
Schizophrenia's greatest threat is that it hits young - prodromal stages occur in teenage years and full blown psychosis hits by 21 for men and 27 for women. So I was thinking, how lucky are we to have escaped so many disorders that could have plagued us already, like social anxiety disorder which strikes in the early years or even autism that ravages all social interaction. We have so much to be thankful for, in that we are not necessarily part of the 20% of young adults afflicted with some sort of personality disorder.
The flip side of that coin is kind of frightening though - what diseases await us that we haven't yet experienced? Panic disorder strikes around mid-30s, as does Huntington's chorea - as made famous by 13 on House. Cassius Clay (better known as Muhammed Ali) and Micheal J. Fox both were hit with Parkinson's Disease around the same age, and God knows dementia is waiting for us once we hit 70. Very little separates us from being sociologically abnormal and biologically broken apart from some susceptibility genes and a conducive environment for derangement.
So then I wonder as I'm travelling home impatiently on the 43, maybe we just need to chill out and enjoy life once in a while. We've obviously been blessed with existence, and only God knows how long that will last us, so maybe Rihanna and Numa Numa kid's advice is laced with truth: Live your life. Turn your music up to 18 even though it may irritate everyone around you to listen to Pussycat Dolls' Buttons, purchase a trip for yourself to some random town in Idaho just to get to actually meet a cow named Bessie, eat that last piece of cake and play it off like you don't know who ate it. I'm not saying go be a badass and buy a Harley and spend the rest of your life eating at diners and being no stranger to leather, I'm saying go ahead and buy that puppy even though your parents don't want a dog, because sometimes you really don't need to sweat the small things in life. Priorities matter, but give yourself a break from time to time.
We only live once. Make use of it.
1.28.2009
sigh
I find myself waking up with a heavy heart this morning, mostly because I know that today I need to memorize almost the entire PSYCO 478 (Psychopharmacology) course in a single day. You see, the class I'm taking right now, PSYCI 511 (Introduction to Psychiatry) features two lectures by the fabled Dr. S. Kar, the main reason I dropped NEURO 410. I went to that class on the first day, observed his very first lecture on the nature of K+ channels, distinctly remember myself muttering, "Eff this..." and getting up early to leave. I find myself face-to-face with this professor again, but now he's rattling on about neurotransmitter and neuromodulator profiles, going through each NT in about 15 minutes or less. Mind you, in PSYCO 478, an NT system would take us at least a week and a half to finish, so he's zipping through this stuff pretty fast.
Just to give you an indication of what this guy wants me to memorize, let me introduce you to one of the seven circles of hell:
Try memorizing ~50 pharmacological agents with names like hexahydrosiladifenidol (Ach M3 selective antagonist) or heaven forbid the three metabotropic glutamate receptor identifiers: 2,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (Class I mGluR), 2-(2,3-dicarboxycycloepropyl)-glycine (Class II mGluR) and 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (Class III mGluR). Their short forms don't even match their names (DHPG, DCG-IV, and L-AP4)!!
You can understand why I find myself dragging my feet to Second Cup today to study this garbage. I have to deal with memorizing synthesis/release, distribution, receptor profile and functions of 8 major NTs, followed by a few neuromodulators to boot. My class is starting to freak out - some girl e-mailed the whole class requesting that we form a study group to go over the material because there's so much and she doesn't know where to start. I'm just glad I've done this kind of thing before in PSYCO 478, but it's still causing my brain to hurt.
Anyways, I posted a great joke I made up in class the other day on Facebook, but I think it probably eludes the majority of individuals (you'd have to be 1. male 2. heavily into neuroscience to get it). That being said I'll explain it:
Question: What do Snake Eyes, Storm Shadow, and the majority of metabotropic glutamate receptors have in common?
The first component: Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow are characters from the timeless classic series G.I. Joe.
The second component: G-proteins are specific second-messenger signalling pathways that are often used to jump-start a physiological reaction (according to Dr. Kar, 40% of clinical drugs use G-protein pathways). That being said, there are three types of G-proteins: Gq/G11, Gs, and Gi/Go. The majority of mGluRs operate via Gi/Go.
Thus:
Answer: They are all Gi/Gos!!!
Brilliant huh? I know, I am so proud of myself; my claim to fame.
Just to give you an indication of what this guy wants me to memorize, let me introduce you to one of the seven circles of hell:
Try memorizing ~50 pharmacological agents with names like hexahydrosiladifenidol (Ach M3 selective antagonist) or heaven forbid the three metabotropic glutamate receptor identifiers: 2,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (Class I mGluR), 2-(2,3-dicarboxycycloepropyl)-glycine (Class II mGluR) and 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (Class III mGluR). Their short forms don't even match their names (DHPG, DCG-IV, and L-AP4)!!
You can understand why I find myself dragging my feet to Second Cup today to study this garbage. I have to deal with memorizing synthesis/release, distribution, receptor profile and functions of 8 major NTs, followed by a few neuromodulators to boot. My class is starting to freak out - some girl e-mailed the whole class requesting that we form a study group to go over the material because there's so much and she doesn't know where to start. I'm just glad I've done this kind of thing before in PSYCO 478, but it's still causing my brain to hurt.
***
Anyways, I posted a great joke I made up in class the other day on Facebook, but I think it probably eludes the majority of individuals (you'd have to be 1. male 2. heavily into neuroscience to get it). That being said I'll explain it:
Question: What do Snake Eyes, Storm Shadow, and the majority of metabotropic glutamate receptors have in common?
The first component: Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow are characters from the timeless classic series G.I. Joe.
The second component: G-proteins are specific second-messenger signalling pathways that are often used to jump-start a physiological reaction (according to Dr. Kar, 40% of clinical drugs use G-protein pathways). That being said, there are three types of G-proteins: Gq/G11, Gs, and Gi/Go. The majority of mGluRs operate via Gi/Go.
Thus:
Answer: They are all Gi/Gos!!!
Brilliant huh? I know, I am so proud of myself; my claim to fame.
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